the "parlous state" of German unions
Such a bias arises in an acute form in what is known as the Baumol effect, after the US economist William J. Baumol, who argued that productivity grows faster in certain sectors than in others, and that in some sectors there was no scope for producing more output per person.
example given: if cars can be built more quickly, and wages rise in line with manufacturing productivity, then the fact that you can't make (say) education more "productive" the same way means the relative cost of education will be higher
In the case of globalisation, what lies behind is the standard international trade model (usually referred to as the Heckscher–Ohlin model after the two Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin), according to which the classes of workers, skilled and unskilled, are employed in two perfectly competitive economies, each with two sectors of production.
Owning a home does not yield cash income but has the equivalent effect in that it saves the owner from having to pay rent. For this reason, the application of the comprehensive definition of income indicates that we should impute an income, referred to as "imputed rent."
included in the national accounts, represents about 10% of GDP as of 2012
through a field of shale
