Baruch Spinoza (en)

Dutch philosopher of Sephardi/Portuguese origin; in Ethics, laid groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe

breviary (en)

(noun) a book of the prayers, hymns, psalms, and readings for the canonical hours / (noun) divine office / (noun) a brief summary

calumny (en)

(noun) a misrepresentation intended to harm another's reputation / (noun) the act of uttering false charges or misrepresentations maliciously calculated to harm another's reputation

eidos (grk)

meaning "form" "essence", "type" or "species" (developed in Plato's theory of forms?)

exigent (en)

(adjective) requiring immediate aid or action / (adjective) requiring or calling for much; demanding

Manichaeism (en)

an ancient religious movement that has to do with duality? "an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness"

praxis (en)

(noun) ; action practice; as / (noun) exercise or practice of an art, science, or skill / (noun) customary practice or conduct / (noun) practical application of a theory

vis a tergo (la)

a force acting from behind (used in cardiology)

vitiate (en)

(verb) to make faulty or defective; impair / (verb) to debase in moral or aesthetic status / (verb) to make ineffective