So true is it that primitive accumulation is not produced just once at the dawn of capitalism, but is continually reproducing itself.

There can be no doubt that primitive accumulation, the separation of the small producers from their means of production, the creation of the proletariat, was--with all its inhumanities--a historical necessity.

The transformation of non-wage labour into wage labour or of public services into capitalist realms of accumulation are specific forms of continuous primitive accumulation.

Through the process called primitive accumulation, pre-capitalist workers were uprooted from their land and dispossessed of their means of subsistence.4 Peasants struggled against this and continued to survive on the margins of the emerging capitalist world, and it eventually took violent force and harsh new legal systems to impose wage labour on the population. Peasants, in other words, had to be made into a proletariat.

Another mechanism that actively changes the size of the surplus is one we have already noted: primitive accumulation. This is not just an origin story of capitalism, but also an ongoing process that involves the transformation of pre-capitalist subsistence economies into capitalist economies.

the various forms of “primitive accumulation” described by Marx (whereby land, labor, and natural resources are turned into commodities)

Rather than modernization, we have "primitive accumulation" for a small circle of the ruler's family members.

Adam Smith [...] called this 'previous accumulation' [...] Karl Marx called it 'primitive accumulation', perhaps to highlight its barbaric nature, for the process of accumulation was violent

Marx's account of so-called 'primitive accumulation' may be overdramatised and oversimpified but its essential truth is undeniable. Somehow or other the mass of a population has been put in a position of having to work for capital in order to live.

capitalism once again began to rely [...] on forms of accumulation by dispossession [...] that Marx once identified as typical forms of what he called 'primitive accumulation'. The commodification of labour, land and money