Manifesto of the Communist Party

published in 1848, just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt; they were asked to write it by the League of the Just. the final draft was pretty much exclusively written by Marx, though Engels has some footnotes in this version

Fragment on Machines

by Karl Marx

The Early Writings 1837–1844

• these show "Marx before Marxism" as such but still develop historical materialism
• quotes Engels: mix of "German idealist philosophy, French political theory, and English classical economics"
• on Hegel as a conservative thinker whose philosophy contained the seeds for more radical possibilities (through the dialectic), which the Young Hegelians (centred around Bruno Bauer) seized on
• after Bruno Bauer was fired, Marx left academia and started writing for Rheinische Zeitung, which helped cement his views on economics etc
• October 1843: moved to Paris

1. Letter to his Father

2. Doctoral Thesis

3. Articles for the Rheinische Zeitung

4. Critique of Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of Right’

5. A Correspondence of 1843

6. On the Jewish Question

7. Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction

8. Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts

9. Letter to Ludwig Feuerbach

10. On James Mill

11. Critical Remarks on the Article: ‘The King of Prussia and Social Reform’

The materialist conception of history 1844–1847

12. The Holy Family

13. Theses on Feuerbach

14. The German Ideology

15. Letter to Annenkov

explaining the differences between Proudhon's method in System of Economic Contradictions and his own (December 1846)

16. The Poverty of Philosophy

17. Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality

1848 and after

18. The Communist Manifesto

—also in The Communist Manifesto

19. Wage-Labour and Capital

supply and demand 101 basically

• machines are not intrinsically capital but are only so within the context of certain relations (of production)
• explains inflation without using that word: diff between real wages (rel to commodity prices) and nominal wages
• "net profit always consists only of the amount by which, on the whole, accumulated labour has been increased by direct labour" (p287)
• underselling competitors to drive them out (through either accepting smaller profit margins in the short term, or by investing in productive advantages, though the latter is also short-term) -> constantly driven by competition to reinvest in prod: "This law is none other than that which, within the fluctuations of trade periods, necessarily levels out the price of a commodity to its cost of production." (p290)
• as div of labour increases, work becomes more robotic, and the worker becomes more like a machine

20. Speech on Free Trade

21. Articles for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung

22. Address to the Communist League

23. The Class Struggles in France

24. Speech to the Central Committee of the Communist League

basically he's saying they should wait cus the productive forces aren't there yet

Our party can only gain power when the situation allows it to put its own measures into practice. Louis Blanc is the best instance of what happens when you come to power prematurely. (p327)

25. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte

26. Journalism of the 1850s

27. Speech on the Anniversary of the People’s Paper

28. Letters 1848–1857

The ‘economics’ 1857–1867

29. Grundrisse

• written 1857-8 and unpublished until 1941
• broader in terms of topics covered than Capital, but less coherent
• he contrasts his approach (more structural, historical, relational) to the isolated hunter/fisher approach of Smith or Ricardo
• connection between war and economic phenomena being developed as a result (wage-labour, machinery)
• fragment on machines from #Accelerate

30. Preface to A Critique of Political Economy

a summary from pages p425-426:

[...] In the social production of their life, men enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production which correspond to a definite stage of development of their material productive forces. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the social, political, and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of their development, the material productive forces of society come in conflict with the existing relations of production, or—what is but a legal expression for the same thing—with the property relations within which they have been at work hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution. With the change of the economic foundations the entire immense superstructure is more or less rapidly transformed. [...] No social order ever perishes before all the productive forces for which there is room in it have developed; and new, higher relations of production never appear before the material conditions of their existence have matured in the womb of the old society itself. [...]

31. Theories of Surplus Value

32. Capital

selected excerpts from volume 1 and 3

from the intro: "Modern economists have tended to discuss the functioning of the capitalist system as given and concentrate particularly on prices, whereas Marx wished to examine the mode of production which gave rise to the capitalist system and which would, he believed, bring about its own destruction."

Volume 1

• LTV for commodities: use-values and exchange-values (the linen and coat thing)
• commodity fetishism
• CMC and MCM
• labour-power as a commodity
• cotton and yarn scenario for understanding surplus value extraction
• value-composition of capital (technical and organic)
• surplus populations (disposable industrial reserve army)
• primitive accumulation: "the historical process of divorcing the producer from the means of production" (p522)

Volume 3

• tendency for the rate of profit to fall
• differential rent
• surplus value is converted into profit through sphere of circulation as well as production
• class constitution (wage-labourers, capitalists, landlords)

33. Results of the Immediate Process of Production

originally from Capital but not included in the first published version?

• the relationship between wage-labour and capital
• capitalism as a stage toward socialism (socialised labour within a factory)
• defining "productive workers" (kinda tautological tbh)
• relationship between capitalist and labourer continually reproduced

34. Letters 1858–1868

Later political writings 1864–1882

35. Inaugural Address to the First International

36. On Trade Unions

37. The Civil War in France

38. Preface to the Second German Edition of the Communist Manifesto

39. On Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy

40. Critique of the Gotha Programme

• on the state: "what transformation will the state undergo in communist society?" (p611)
• ridiculing what he sees as bourgeois demands of the state: "universal suffrage, direct legislation, popular rights, a people’s militia, etc" (p611)
• criticising the demand for a "fair distribution" cus it's a very subjective term (the present conditions could be seen as "fair")

41. Letter to Mikhailovsky

42. Circular Letter

43. Letter to Vera Sassoulitch

44. Comments on Adolph Wagner

45. Preface to the Russian Edition of the Communist Manifesto

46. Letters 1863–1881

Karl Marx - Instructions for the Delegates (1866)

by Karl Marx

Karl Marx - Enquête Ouvrière (1880)

by Karl Marx