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In the beginning was defeat. Anyone who wishes to understand the nature of contemporary critical thinking must start from this fact.

From the second half of the 1970s, the protest movements born in the late 1950s, but which were inheritors of much older movements, went into decline. The reasons …

The historical conjuncture in which theories are formed stamps them with their main characteristics. ‘Classical’ Marxism – initiated on Marx’s death by Engels and notably comprising Kautsky, Lenin, Trotsky, Luxemburg and Otto Bauer – emerged against the background of profound political and economic…

According to Mandel, market capitalism (1700–1850) and monopoly capitalism (up to 1960) have been succeeded by a ‘third age’ of capitalism – precisely ‘late’ capitalism. It is characterized, inter alia, by the rise of multinational firms, a new international division of labour, an explosion of financial markets, the emergence of novel means of communication, and the weakening of the traditional labour movement