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Above all, however, these various ways of representing history as a teleology presuppose the combination of two theses which are independent of one another

a fatalism by which the workers and their organizations had forged a ‘subaltern’ vision of the world for themselves

[...] for Marx, progress is neither modernity nor liberalism nor, even less, is it capitalism. Or, rather, ‘dialectically’, it is capitalism insofar as capitalism makes socialism inevitable and, conversely, socialism insofar as socialism resolves the contradictions of capitalism.

In the ideological domain, all production is denied or is sublimated and becomes free ‘creation’.