apparatchiks (en)

members of a communist party apparat (apparatus)

comprador (en)

person who acts as an agent for foreign organizations engaged in investment, trade, or economic or political exploitation; originally applied only to East Asia but now used in a Marxist sense to refer to other regions; from the Portuguese word for buyer

garrison states (en)

a state organized to serve primarily its own need for military security; also : a state maintained by military power

jacaranda (en)

a type of flowering plant native to tropical and subtropical regions

Kemalist (en)

of the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey, implemented by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its Ottoman predecessor and embrace a Westernized way of living

Ming China (en)

China under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty; characterised by orderly government and social stability

Mughals (en)

the Mughal Empire, in the Indian subcontinent, established and ruled by a Muslim Turkic dynasty of Chagatai Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia; though ethnically Turco-Mongol, Persianate in terms of culture; roughly 1526 and in decline until 1858 (when British rule began)

Neue Ostpolitik (de)

"new eastern policy": the normalization of relations between West Germany and East Germany (and Eastern Europe) starting in 1969

porto franco (en)

(Italian or Portuguese for "free port") a port or an area of a port in which imported goods can be held or processed free of customs duties before reexport.

ratchet effect (en)

(labor markets) when workers subject to performance pay choose to restrict their output, because they rationally anticipate that firms will respond to higher output levels by raising output requirements or cutting pay

Safavis (en)

the Safavid dynasty: one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history (1501–1736)

szlachta (en)

a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland; gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great

Thermidorian (en)

a French political group active during the French Revolution, which launched a coup d'état against the leaders of the Jacobin Club in 1794