In 1909, the socialist publisher Charles Kerr published Connolly’s powerful, closely argued pamphlet Socialism Made Easy, which combined propaganda for the socialist cause with a call for Industrial Unionism as the way forward. He insisted that “it is not the theorists who make history; it is history in its evolution that makes the theorists. And the roots of history are to be found in the workshops, fields and factories”. For Connolly, the real battle was not that fought at the ballot box but was “the battle being fought out every day for the power to control industry and the gauge of the progress of that battle is not to be found in the number of voters making a cross beneath the symbol of a political party, but in the number of these workers who enrol themselves in an industrial organisation with the definite purpose of making themselves masters of the industrial equipment of society in general”. This battle had a “political echo” though and the fight at the ballot box had to be fought. Nevertheless, the Socialist Party had to be subordinate to the Industrial Unions because, he insisted, it was they that “in the fullness of time will overthrow that political system, and replace it by the Industrial Republic”. Socialism Made Easy sold over 40,000 copies in the United States.