Another form of venture labor involves shifting managerial responsibility onto the employees themselves. Flexible, short-term, project-based workplaces place more responsibility for getting and keeping work on employees themselves. Heightened job insecurity means workers are increasingly exposed to cyclical economic risk, and flexible workplaces have placed increased managerial responsibility on their employees. As one cofounder of a news web site put it, “I don’t want someone who’s going to ask, ‘What’s my job?’ I need someone who’s going to figure out that on their own.” Considering the quick turnaround times on the development of computer applications, employees are expected, in the words of one programmer, to “hit the ground running” with continually updated skills, including new programming languages and familiarity with new technologies. This “individualization of the labor process,” as Manuel Castells termed it, aims at “decentralizing management, individualizing work, and customizing markets, thereby segmenting work and fragmenting societies.”47 Being in companies with less middle management and administrative support gives them a feeling of more autonomy in their work and, ironically, a greater sense of attachment to the very companies that have eliminated loyalty within the organizational culture.