[...] Though the term “Silicon Valley” did not appear ­until 1971 in reference to semiconductor success by known eugenicist William Shockley,63 such events had every­thing to do with Stanford University, which had established a research park in 1951 that became home to many of the Valley’s earliest companies. Yet Stanford University would not have come into being in the first place if it ­weren’t for capital from ­founder Leland Stanford’s prior frontier ventures in gold and railroads. In this sense, the bedrock of Cold War Silicon Valley has always been stained by the ravages of empire.