[...] Any actual scheme would involve a condition of eligibility and hence the risk of exclusion. Who would then be excluded from the PI? The criteria would exclude those who devoted their lives to pure leisure. The Belgian philosopher Philippe Van Parijs has written a famous article titled "Why Surfers Should Be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income." In advocating the participation income, I am adopting the opposite position. I agree with John Rawls, who said that "those who surf all day off Malibu must find a way to support themselves and would not be entitled to public funds." In reality, relatively few people would be excluded (and the costings in Chapter 11 do not seek to identify surfers). The participation condition should, in my view, be interpreted positively. It is an answer to the question, who is eligible for the basic income? The answer conveys a positive message about "reciprocity," a message that is both intrinsically justified and more likely to garner political support.