World labor unrest in the twentieth century, we argued in Chapter 4, has been embedded in a pendulum swing between crises of profitability and crises of social legitimacy. The crisis of profitability marked by the Great Depression of the late nineteenth century was resolved through a series of fixes that undermined livelihoods and established ways of life throughout the world. The outcome was a deep crisis of social legitimacy and a vicious circle of mounting labor unrest, revolutionary crises, and world war. After a half century of increasing systemic chaos, the postwar social contracts involved an explicit recognition that workers had to be protected from unregulated global market forces. Although profits were never completely subordinated to livelihood, there was a widespread recognition that unless capitalism could be shown to be capable of providing physical and economic security, it would not survive the growing revolutionary challenges from below. Workers could not be treated as simple commodities to be used or left unused according to market forces. Nevertheless, such a philosophical and policy stance by the 1970s had come to be seen as a growing fetter on profits, and in the 1980s it was abandoned by the world's elites. The world-scale dislocations of established ways of life and livelihood caused by this late-twentieth-century swing toward unregulated markets is once again producing a deep crisis of social legitimacy for world capitalism. Whether the crisis of social legitimacy is (will become) sufficiently troublesome to the world's elites so as to provoke a new swing of the pendulum back toward an emphasis on livelihood and security remains to be seen.