Yet, to the extent that the main trend in the world automobile indus­try is toward lean-and-dual production, then the most likely sites of future autoworker labor unrest will be among the lower-tier workers in the sub­contracting system. Yet, in these sites, strong grievances do not go hand in hand with strong workplace bargaining power. Moreover, while upper-tier workers are likely to have strong workplace bargaining power, they are also likely to have fewer grievances, and at the same time they are likely to be physically and psychically separated from lower-tier workers with greater grievances and less structural power. And with the "leaning" of the industry, primary-sector workers will account for a tiny fraction of the automobile (and overall) working class. Finally, the distribution of upper- and lower-tier (secure and insecure) workers is likely to correspond to and reinforce the core-periphery geographical divide as well as to overlap with differences in ethnicity, place of residence, and citizenship - with important implications for world labor politics.