For several decades following the CIO victories, three employer responses - relocation of production (disinvestment in union strongholds), process innovations (mainly automation), and "political exchange" (the promotion of "responsible" unionism and the repression of "irresponsible" unionism) - progressively undermined the structural strength of U.S. labor in general, and autoworkers in particular. When a new upsurge in rank-and-file unrest at the end of the 1960s (symbolized by the "Lordstown Blues") pushed the UAW back toward confrontational tactics with "Operation Apache" (a campaign of short, small, but highly disruptive strikes), the automakers abandoned the promotion of "responsible unionism" and pursued geographical relocation and automation of production with a newfound zeal.