If the hypermobility of capital is widely seen as having undermined marketplace and associational bargaining power, related "post-Fordist" transformations in the organization of production and labor process are widely seen as having undermined labor's workplace bargaining power. Thus, subcontracting and other forms of vertical disintegration are seen as having reversed the historical trend toward increased workplace bargaining power that was brought about through the spread of Fordist systems of mass production. Fordism tended to dramatically increase workplace bargaining power by increasing the vulnerability of capital to workers' direct action at the point of production. To be sure, continuous flow production (including the assembly line) tended to decrease labor's marketplace bargaining power by homogenizing and deskilling industrial work and by making it possible (indeed preferable) to draw on latent reserve armies of labor with little or no industrial experience. Moreover, continuous flow production tended to weaken associational power by bringing into the proletariat "a mass of unorganized workers" who could not be easily absorbed into the existing artisanal unions or left political parties.