93
[...] The solution is to split living labour into two, and to assume that--alongside living labour as an expenditure of energy that will be partially consumed and crystallised into new machinery in the following cycle--there is a living labour that continues to exist as a means of production throughout the cycle. In other words, this living labour is not destroyed as an intermediate consumption. It is consumed as bodily energy, certainly, but it also develops as a means of production of living as living labour. It builds itself as a skill, as a know-how resistant to its reduction to pure human capital that can be objectified.
[...] The solution is to split living labour into two, and to assume that--alongside living labour as an expenditure of energy that will be partially consumed and crystallised into new machinery in the following cycle--there is a living labour that continues to exist as a means of production throughout the cycle. In other words, this living labour is not destroyed as an intermediate consumption. It is consumed as bodily energy, certainly, but it also develops as a means of production of living as living labour. It builds itself as a skill, as a know-how resistant to its reduction to pure human capital that can be objectified.
100
[...] Property rights are a body of social conventions and norms that permit the transformation of what is valuable for any given society, group or individual into an economic good capable of monetary valuation (price) or non-monetary valuation (donation), or of a market exchange (private goods) or non-profit exchange (public goods). [...]
[...] Property rights are a body of social conventions and norms that permit the transformation of what is valuable for any given society, group or individual into an economic good capable of monetary valuation (price) or non-monetary valuation (donation), or of a market exchange (private goods) or non-profit exchange (public goods). [...]
144
The fact that the most characteristic commodities of cognitive capitalism are information- and knowledge-goods introduces an intrinsic factor of uncertainty that did not exist during the era of Fordism. The nature of these goods (their indivisibility, non-rivalry and non-excludability) makes them similar to public goods. This is a major challenge, because private ownership of such goods is the exception rather than the rule. On the other hand, digitisation and new information technology are eliminating the major obstacles to the violation of property rights.
The fact that the most characteristic commodities of cognitive capitalism are information- and knowledge-goods introduces an intrinsic factor of uncertainty that did not exist during the era of Fordism. The nature of these goods (their indivisibility, non-rivalry and non-excludability) makes them similar to public goods. This is a major challenge, because private ownership of such goods is the exception rather than the rule. On the other hand, digitisation and new information technology are eliminating the major obstacles to the violation of property rights.
146
Since it has to do with knowledge-goods, financialisation appears in a first phase to remove the obstacles that these present to their transformation into goods that are rival, divisible and excludable. But, in the era of the digital, it calls for the creation of enclosures by means of new property rights and digital management rights. These new enclosures have a depressive effect on the intensity and quality of innovation. The alternative strategies consist in the creation of new public spaces and conditions for free public access to the digital commons [...]
Since it has to do with knowledge-goods, financialisation appears in a first phase to remove the obstacles that these present to their transformation into goods that are rival, divisible and excludable. But, in the era of the digital, it calls for the creation of enclosures by means of new property rights and digital management rights. These new enclosures have a depressive effect on the intensity and quality of innovation. The alternative strategies consist in the creation of new public spaces and conditions for free public access to the digital commons [...]
162
[...] The economy is not based on knowledge as such (although society itself is), but on the exploitation of knowledge. With the digital revolution [...] codified knowledge (databases, software) becomes information-goods and public knowledge. Economic models which since industrial capitalism have been based on the sale of them are in serious crisis: digitisation has drastically downgraded the old implementation of intellectual property rights, while the advantages gained in the field of codified knowledge are lasting for less and less time. [...]
[...] The economy is not based on knowledge as such (although society itself is), but on the exploitation of knowledge. With the digital revolution [...] codified knowledge (databases, software) becomes information-goods and public knowledge. Economic models which since industrial capitalism have been based on the sale of them are in serious crisis: digitisation has drastically downgraded the old implementation of intellectual property rights, while the advantages gained in the field of codified knowledge are lasting for less and less time. [...]