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In combination, these factors demonstrate how absurd are the claims by
giants like Microsoft and Google that “competition is a click away” and that
they are in mortal fear for their very survival if someone were to develop a
better algorithm in her garage. Amazon, too, is more than an algorithm
…

A key development that accompanies and enables proprietary systems is cloud computing, wherein each of the giants stores vast amounts of material on their battalions of servers. users do not need to have massive computer memories to store their own material; they can—indeed, must—access everything …

[...] the profitability of the digital giants is centered on establishing proprietary systems for which they control access and the terms of the relationship [...]

Political economy—an understanding of capitalism and its relationship to democracy—can provide a rudder as we make sense of the Internet. [...]